The availability of almost complete chromosomal sequences, coupled with many new polymorphisms, high-resolution phylogeny and insight into their mutation process, now offers a new way of studying human evolution. Y chromosome research is advancing. The properties of the Y chromosome make it an abnormal value in the genomic region, half of which is made up of tandemly repeated satellite DNA and the rest carries very few genes and most of them do not recombine. For this reason, however, the Y chromosome is used to study recent human evolution from a male perspective, and it plays a professional but important role in medicine and forensic genetics. Although a small part of the Y chromosome, the pseudo-autosomal region, is recombined with the X chromosome, the rest is not recombined. Therefore, this non-recombinant part of the Y chromosome provides a second DNA region, and we can assume that it will not recombine. However, compared with the mitochondrial genome, the polymorphism of the Y chromosome is very small.

By convention, Y chromosomes are assigned to haplogroups or clades, those defined only by short tandem repeats are called haplotypes, and data descriptions that combine Y-STR and biallelic markers are called pedigrees. The Y chromosome carries a very diverse spectrum of mutations, ie. H. The chromosomal changes that occur from generation to generation can be used as site or sequence-specific markers. Since all the markers are connected along the entire length of the Y chromosome (except for the pseudo-autosomal region), haplotypes constructed from many different markers actually record the history of the Y chromosome. Although the Y chromosome mutation rate is low and the mutations are difficult to find, mutations do occur very rarely.

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