Traditional vaccination approaches practically eradicated several extremely infectious diseases around the world.  Despite their success, these conventional approaches are insufficient in their ability to target many other important pathogens. To overcome these limitations, several alternative vaccination approaches, such as a subunit vaccine, have been developed.

The ideal vaccine against any disease will be highly immunogenic, prevent any autoimmune or hypersensitivity reactions from occurring, easy to administer, and have simple storage requirements. In addition to these properties, vaccines should also be safe for human and/or animal administration and should not itself result in the disease state.

Over the past several decades, different types of vaccines have been developed to safely induce an immune response in individuals to protect against infection by numerous different pathogens.

Traditionally, vaccines have consisted of entire pathogens that can elicit a strong immune response without causing the immunized individual to experience the disease. The three different types of whole-pathogen vaccines include inactivated live-attenuated and chimeric vaccines.

Whereas pathogens are killed with chemicals, heat, or radiation before their incorporation into inactivated vaccines, a live-attenuated vaccine instead contains a weakened version of the target pathogen. Many whole-pathogen vaccines are widely distributed throughout the world; however, there many different pathogens that cannot be effectively targeted through this vaccine approach.

As compared to a whole-pathogen vaccine approach, a subunit vaccine will only include certain components that originate from disease-causing bacteria, parasites, or viruses. These components, which are otherwise known as antigens, are highly purified proteins or synthetic peptides that are considered to be significantly safer than whole-pathogen vaccine approaches.

Despite these advantages, the antigens that comprise a subunit vaccine are very small and lack pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) that are required for antigen recognition by the host immune system, thereby reducing the immunogenicity potential of this vaccine approach.

An additional weakness of subunit vaccines is due to the potential denaturation of antigens that can occur, which can subsequently cause the proteins to bind to different antibodies rather than the specific antigens that target the pathogen.

Conclusion

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