HIV vaccines Research & Development – The field of research includes research work that is carried against HIV, its infection, symptoms, treatment and prevention. Vaccines developed against HIV can be studied under this branch of science. The field of research thus enables development of vaccines against HIV. A few such vaccines include “RV380 (AD26 prime/MVA boost)”, “RV262 (DNA prime/MVA boost)” and “Novel Herion-HIV Vaccine”.

Vaccines stimulate the body’s immune system to provide protection against infection or disease. Vaccines against HIV are being developed, and they are in various stages of clinical trial but at present none have proven effective.

Importance

• The availability of a safe, highly effective and accessible preventive HIV vaccine would be a valuable complement to other preventive interventions, significantly contributing to the interruption of the chain of transmission of HIV.
• Well conceived HIV immunization strategies could reach populations where other interventions are not sufficiently effective.
• Research on preventive HIV vaccines is providing new information on the possible use of vaccines as therapeutic interventions, to be used in association with antitretroviral therapies, which could lead to a lowering in the cost of the treatments and to an increase on their long-term efficacy.

How it is done

Vaccine research is a long process that begins with basic laboratory research and product development, including animal experiments, mostly performed in academic laboratories and by the pharmaceutical industry.

The next step is to test these products (candidate vaccines) on healthy human volunteers through sequential phases. Phase I and II trials provide data on the safety of the candidate vaccines and on their ability to induce immune responses specific to HIV. These trials are done among small numbers of volunteers (50-200 per trial). Depending of the results obtained, candidate vaccines can proceed to large-scale Phase III trials, to obtain definitive information about their efficacy in inducing protection against HIV infection or AIDS. For scientific reasons, Phase III trials are done in populations with a high incidence of HIV infection, involving thousands of volunteers.

Since 1987, more than 30 HIV candidate vaccines have been tested in approximately 60 Phase I/II trails, involving more than 10,000 healthy volunteers. Most of these trials have been conducted in the United States and Europe, but several have also been conducted in developing countries (Brazil, China, Cuba, Haiti, Kenya, Peru, Thailand, Trinidad, and Uganda). The results have confirmed the safety of the vaccines, and have provided important scientific information to develop newer generations of candidate vaccines with better ability to induce anti-HIV specific immune responses.

Conclusion

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Journal of Vaccines & Vaccination
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