Fibromuscular dysplasia is a condition that causes narrowing (stenosis) and enlargement (aneurysm) of the medium-sized arteries in your body. Narrowed arteries may reduce blood flow and affect the function of your organs. Fibromuscular dysplasia appears most commonly in the arteries leading to the kidneys and brain. Fibromuscular dysplasia can affect other arteries, including those leading to your legs, heart, abdomen and rarely the arms. Treatments are available, but there isn't a cure for fibromuscular dysplasia.

Symptoms

Kidney signs and symptoms: High blood pressure, Tissue damage in your kidneys (ischemic renal atrophy), Chronic kidney failure (rarely)

Brain signs and symptoms: If the arteries leading to your brain (carotid arteries) are affected, you may have: Headache, Dizziness, Temporary loss of vision, Pulsating ringing in your ears (tinnitus), Neck pain, Facial weakness or numbness, Weakness or numbness in the limbs, Difficulty speaking.

Abdominal signs and symptoms: If the arteries leading to your abdomen (mesenteric arteries) are affected, you may have: Abdominal pain after eating, unintended weight loss.

Heart signs and symptoms: Fibromuscular dysplasia often occurs with tears in the walls of your coronary arteries also called arterial dissection or spontaneous coronary artery dissection (SCAD). But the exact connection between these two conditions isn't yet clear. If the arteries leading to your heart (coronary arteries) are affected, you may have: Chest pain, Shortness of breath, Sweating, Nausea.

Leg and arm signs and symptoms: If the arteries leading to your arms or legs (peripheral arteries) are affected, you may have: Discomfort when moving your legs, feet, arms or hands, Cold limbs, Weakness, Numbness, Skin changes in color or appearance.

Causes

Genetics: If someone in your family has fibromuscular dysplasia, you might get the condition, too. It might occur in a different artery or you may have a milder or more severe case. Or, you may never get fibromuscular dysplasia at all. Not everyone who has fibromuscular dysplasia has a relative with the disease.

Hormones: Women have fibromuscular dysplasia more often than men do, so researchers think hormones may play a role in the development of the disease. But exactly how is unclear. Fibromuscular dysplasia is not linked to a woman's use of birth control pills, number of pregnancies, or age when they gave birth.

Abnormally formed arteries: A lack of oxygen to the arteries or the use of certain medications or tobacco can cause the arteries to develop abnormally, leading to reduced blood flow. Sometimes, the arteries may be positioned abnormally.

Complications

• High blood pressure: A common complication of fibromuscular dysplasia is high blood pressure. The narrowing of the arteries causes higher pressure on your artery walls, which can lead to further artery damage, heart disease or heart failure.
• Dissected artery: Fibromuscular dysplasia and tears in the walls of your arteries often occur together. This process, called arterial dissection or spontaneous coronary artery dissection (SCAD), can limit blood flow to the organ supplied by the injured artery. This can affect any artery.
• Aneurysms: Fibromuscular dysplasia can weaken the walls of your arteries, creating a bulge called an aneurysm. If an aneurysm ruptures, it can be a life-threatening emergency. An aneurysm can occur in any artery affected by fibromuscular dysplasia.
• Stroke: If you have a dissected artery leading to your brain or if an aneurysm in an artery to your brain ruptures, you can have a stroke. High blood pressure can also increase your risk of a stroke.

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